A surface oxidation by hot air or oxygen plasma is resulting in a higher surface energy and more polar components on the nucleation side of the NCDF.
Besides, using a formation approach, all coatings, films and layers can be divided into two big categories: i) conversion ones, which are formed by reaction products of the base material (for example, formation of an oxide layer by surface oxidation) and ii) deposited ones.
Neoh et al. (in: Particulate Carbon, Plenum, New York, 1980, p. 261), having a collision efficiency of 0.13 and supplemented to only a minor degree by direct soot surface oxidation by O2.
However, detailed microscopy data analysis indicates that the observation is in fact an artefact caused by the surface oxidation of the material that resulted in substrate surface moving down about 2 nm.
Aqueous suspensions of SPION (ferrofluids) were prepared by coprecipitation of ferric and ferrous chlorides in alkaline medium followed by surface oxidation by ferric nitrate and surface treatment with citrate ions.
Munnier et al. [ 51] developed aqueous suspensions of SPIO by coprecipitation of ferric and ferrous chlorides in alkaline medium followed by surface oxidation by ferric nitrate and surface treatment with citrate ions.
However, detailed compositional analysis suggests that this is an artefact caused by surface oxidation.
However, detailed analysis of the transmission electron microscopy (TEM) data indicates that the observation is in fact an artefact caused by surface oxidation of the material that resulted in substrate surface moving down about 2 nm.
Experimental results show that the deactivation is mainly caused by the surface oxidation of the active component, crystallite aggregation and carboneous species deposition.
The high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) image taken inside the via-hole (Figure 2c) reveals the formation of two layers; one is TaOx and the other one is WOx, which is formed by the surface oxidation of the W BE because of the ex situ fabrication process.
