Sentence examples for by a surface layer from inspiring English sources
Umbrisols are characterized by a surface layer that is rich in humus but not in calcium available to plants, owing to high rainfall and extensive leaching that lead to acidic conditions.
Chernozems are characterized by a surface layer that is rich in humus and in available calcium ions bound to soil particles, resulting in a well-aggregated structure with abundant natural grass vegetation.
Along parts of those new paths, heat can penetrate more deeply and reach ice previously insulated by a surface layer of dust (yielding a solar system that today looks like the artist's representation at top).
b A schematic view of the structure of a single mineral platelet, with an atomically ordered core resembling the CDHA structure (with substitutions) surrounded by a surface layer of disordered, hydrated mineral ions.
In a circulating alkaline electrolyte, the current-potential curves and impedance plots reveal that a flow-through electrode made of zinc particles is quasi-blocked by a surface layer near the equilibrium potential and sharply activated at either anodic or cathodic polarizations.
The Picrophilus spp. are characterized by a single cell membrane surrounded by a surface layer, whereas the species in the other Thermoplasmatales genera have no cell walls.
By utilizing a surface layer of a photoreactive adhesion promoter on the substrates, the MNP HG films were covalently immobilized during photocrosslinking.
A model design of protected nanoparticles (NPs) of a ferromagnetic metal such as nickel by using a surface layer of borate make them safer in view of human health and environments.
At red heat, silicon is attacked by water vapour or by oxygen, forming a surface layer of silicon dioxide.
But the materials, formed by adding atoms on a surface layer by layer, are very expensive to make, and severely limited in size.
The transport of hydroxyl ions from one cell to the other is subject to anodic passivation caused by the formation of a surface layer of Pt-oxide.
