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The "operational definition" of scientific merit is the priority score given to a proposal by a study section; the pragmatic definition of a strong proposal is simply any proposal that is funded.
Your proposal will be reviewed by a study section, but it will be funded by an institute.
Your application is reviewed for scientific merit and scored by a study section at the Center for Scientific Review; it is then evaluated for funding by whatever institute is chosen to consider it.
All NIH grant applications were now subject to a dual review system, which introduced a "technical review by a study section, to establish scientific merit, and summary review by an [institutional] Advisory Council, to establish priority of payment," explains Mandel.
Your proposal will be reviewed by a study section, but it will be funded by a home institute (i.e., the National Cancer Institute if your project is cancer-based, or the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases if it's about AIDS).
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Some proposals that scored well--but not well enough for funding--by a previous study section have fared much worse in their new study sections, which points out just how important appropriate placement can be.
After discussions within the SWOG (formerly the Southwest Oncology Group) lung cancer working group and the National Cancer Institute (NCI)'s Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program, and after peer review by a National Institutes of Health study section, the consensus was to focus this feasibility trial on patients with stage I disease and tumor diameters of ≥2 cm.
GRADE was reviewed by an independent external evaluation committee in December 2011, reviewed and recommended for funding by an NIDDK study section in August 2012, and approved by the NIDDK Advisory Council in September 2012.
The decision to grant an award is made by an institute, not by the study section.
Then although this rating can in principle be altered as a result of discussions by the study section, the level of modification which occurs in practice is quite minimal.
Each institution receives applications reviewed by different study sections, which can pose a problem: Mediocre applications reviewed by one study section may end up with the same priority score as applications considered to be fairly good by another.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com