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Initial coding was completed by a primary coder, with subsequent review by a secondary coder.
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We thank Meagan Shelton for her assistance as a secondary coder of the data.
To establish inter-rater agreement of FLACC scores for this project, we had a secondary coder independently view and score the first 92 (65%) videos included.
Coders meet a third time to discuss themes present in the topic areas, coming up with basic ideas about thematic statements, which are then drafted by the primary coder and sent to the secondary coder for review.
Both the primary coder and the secondary coder considered the data without reference to the existing literature; i.e. we used a bottom up approach rather than a top down approach.
A score of 1 was given by a trained coder when a participant deployed primary approach coping in a controllable stressful event or secondary approach coping in an uncontrollable event.
Each transcript was coded by one coder, then reviewed, summarized, and analyzed by a second coder.
Inter-observer reliability was assessed by a second coder who was blind to the nature of the stimuli.
Adjudication by a third coder (biomechanist).
Each class recording was then coded by a single coder.
Content analysis was conducted by a single coder.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com