The biogenic fuels were compared to diesel as a reference fuel.
As a reference fuel, a non-hypergolic fuel which has the identical chemical compositions to the hypergolic fuel except for sodium borohydride was tested and compared.
To eliminate the effects of fuel composition on the measured emission levels, low-sulfur diesel fuel (maximum sulfur content 50 ppm) was used as a reference fuel in the experiments.
Each car - electric, gaseous fuel, and diesel - can also be powered by a fossil reference fuel: electricity from the German production mix (called 'electricity mix' from here on), natural gas, or diesel.
Moreover, laminar burning velocities of a real gasoline at 353 and 500 K could be predicted by the model using a toluene reference fuel as a surrogate.
Iso-Octane (2,2,4-trimethylpentane) is a primary reference fuel and an important component of gasoline fuels.
Heavy knock was deliberately induced by adopting inlet air heating and a primary reference fuel blend of reduced octane rating.
Gasoline, a primary reference fuel mixture (PRF80), and several representative real-fuel constituents were examined.
Iso-octane (C8H18) was used as a primary reference fuel in both the numerical and experimental analysis.
The tests were performed on a 2.0 L Euro 5 diesel engine, in steady-state at partial and full-load conditions, burning two fuel blends: a Rapeseed Methyl Ester (RME /diesel blend with 10% of biodiesel by volume, assumed as reference fuel, and a bio-ethanol/RME/Diesel with 20% of bio-ethanol and 10% of biodiesel by volume.
