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All open-ended responses were coded in a systematic manner by a primary coder (AGN).
Initial coding was completed by a primary coder, with subsequent review by a secondary coder.
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A primary coder completed FLACC scores on all included videos from the two searches in July 2012 and January 2013.
Two secondary coders (GEH and RJC) reviewed all codes proposed by the primary coder.
Instead, we used a sample of video clips from able-bodied chimpanzees that contained all possible cases of liana scratch, including the 21 positive exemplars as identified by the primary coder (CH) and several other similar-looking action sequences which had been rejected as exemplars.
Half of the transcripts were also coded by other team members and then reviewed by the primary coder.
Coders meet a third time to discuss themes present in the topic areas, coming up with basic ideas about thematic statements, which are then drafted by the primary coder and sent to the secondary coder for review.
Data were sorted by high- and low-adherence groups and reviewed by the primary coder (CH) to ensure code accuracy and to identify important subthemes.
Coders meet a final time to discuss and come to consensus on the thematic statements before they are finalized by the primary coder and sent to the emic and etic reviewers.
During a third read through, the primary coder met with a second team member who had coded the interviews independently, following the same process.
To enhance consistency, a single investigator was the primary coder while another investigator provided confirmation on interpretation wherever necessary.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com