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To compare the effect between two treatment groups, the pooled Cohen's effect size was calculated as the mean change in the index group minus the mean change in the comparator group divided by a pooled baseline SD.
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To obtain the standardised effect size, if it was not directly reported, we extracted a pooled baseline SD, if available, otherwise we extracted SDs from baseline or change scores from single arms and calculated a pooled SD.
At the beginning of each period, a pooled baseline urine sample was collected over 48 h during days 1, 2 and 3 (Fig. 5).
Effect size statistics (Cohen's d) were determined by subtracting the mean change score for the two groups and dividing by the pooled baseline SD 31.
Standardised effect sizes for the primary outcome were calculated (adjusted mean difference divided by pooled baseline SD), with >0.5 considered a large effect.
Analyses of covariance (ANCOVA) will use multivariable linear regression models and standardised effect sizes calculated (adjusted mean difference divided by pooled baseline SD), with >0.5 considered a clinically meaningful effect.
This study was conducted as a cross-sectional study of pooled baseline data of subproject 10 "quality of life" within the German "Competence Network Heart Failure", sponsored by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research [ 27].
For samples that did not have matching normal data (n = 15), a pooled normal baseline from all the other normal samples was used.
For each study, standardized mean difference was derived by dividing the mean change in the inflammatory cell concentration at follow-up visit from the baseline visit between intervention and control groups by a pooled standard deviation of the mean change [ 15, 16].
In pooled baseline data from ABCoN and Nested I, we were able to establish a significant association between ACPA positivity and higher sG0/G1 values (P = 0.003).
We compared patients' baseline characteristics between treatment groups by using standardised differences the difference in means divided by a pooled estimate of the standard deviation of the variable.
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