But philosophy alone cannot provide the necessary details; philosophical argument by itself would underdetermine a penal code and has no means to administer one.
A non-penetrative sexual act is still described as "outraging the modesty of a woman" - a relic of a penal code written by the British in 1860.
Their efforts resulted in the promulgation of a commercial code (1850), a commercial procedure code (1861), a maritime code (1863), and a penal code (1858).
This work consisted of a Code of Civil Procedure, a Penal Code, and a Code of Criminal Procedure.
The 4% solution The shape of things to come Sources & acknowledgmentsReprintsLast year the EU declared itself ready to open negotiations with Turkey this coming October so long as Turkey met some last pre-conditions, mainly by bringing an amended penal code into force and extending its customs-union agreement with the EU to cover all the new members, including Cyprus.
In the 1960s, courts began to limit the right to resist an unlawful arrest, apparently influenced by Warner and by the Model Penal Code, which had eliminated the right.
The courts are no longer in the generals' camp, which means officers aren't quite so protected by the penal code provision that criminalizes "causing a state institution to be held in disrepute".
In the United States a Model Penal Code proposed by the American Law Institute in 1962 states that an objective of criminal law should be "to give fair warning of the nature of the conduct declared to constitute an offense" and "to promote the correction and rehabilitation of offenders".
Slovakia criminalized denial of fascist crimes in general in late 2001; in May 2005, the term "Holocaust" was explicitly adopted by the penal code and in 2009, it became illegal to deny any act regarded by an international criminal court as genocide.
In the United States, state statutory law has been greatly influenced by the Model Penal Code (1962), provided by the American Law Institute, an independent organization composed of leading lawyers, judges, and law professors whose purpose is to clarify, modernize, and otherwise improve the law.
