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The vehicle response under impact is represented by a linear spring until the frontal structure of the vehicle has deformed to the engine box and rigid thereafter.
The devices consist of an SMA wire biased by a linear spring in the following configurations: concurrent, collinear, and in parallel attached to a pulley.
For example, the relationship between the force exerted by a linear spring, F, and the displacement of the spring from its natural length, x, is usually represented by the model F= kx, where k is the spring stiffness.
This system consists of a plunging and pitching rigid airfoil supported by a linear spring in the plunge degree of freedom and a nonlinear spring which includes the simulated stoppers at high angles in the pitch degree of freedom.
Additional to vertical springs, horizontal springs cover contact of foundation and soil by friction and its coefficient μ. Figure 4 shows the principle exemplified by a linear spring's stiffness with initial slip without bedding.
Every pair of residues closer to each other than the cutoff distance is assumed to be connected by a linear spring.
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It is shown experimentally that the nonlinear characteristics of the frequency response curve can be changed by tuning the stiffness of a linear spring.
After centrifugation at 17500 g for 15 min, the sample was brought to 20 ml with Buffer D and loaded at 2 ml · min−1 on to a column (1.6 cm×4.4 cm) of Fractogel EMD DEAE-650(S) (Merck) that had been pre-equilibrated with Buffer D. The column was washed with Buffer D until the A280 decreased to baseline, and PEPC was eluted by applying a linear 0 250 mM KCl gradient (160 ml in Buffer D).
The linear self-recentering force of the RNC isolator can be represented simply by a horizontal linear spring property in SAP2000, see Fig. 8a.
A cylindrical nozzle, which has a valve seat on top, contacts with a disk, which is preloaded by a compressed linear spring.
The post-buckling problem of a fixed-free column composed of two segments connected by a linear rotational spring with different flexural stiffness and lengths is studied.
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