Separation of background and upper canopy contributions was effected by a linear scaling of the parameters of the Walthall bidirectional reflectance distribution function model with the weights of a kernel-driven model.
It is shown that the intrapellet and extrapellet Peclet numbers are generally related by a linear scaling relationship, Pein ≈ ε Peout where ε, is a small number proportional to the hydraulic permeability of the particle and inversely proportional to the square of the characteristic length.
In Ireland, calving difficulty is subjectively scored by producers on a linear scale of 1 to 4, where 1 = no calving assistance; 2 = slight assistance (assistance by one person, without needing to use a calf puller); 3 = considerable assistance (assistance by one person using a calf puller or more than one person); 4 = veterinary assistance (including caesarean).
a Σ θθ shown in a logarithmic scale by color, b FACs distribution shown in a linear scale by color.
The median of the log-normal distribution on the log10 scale (which coincides with the arithmetic mean, median and mode on that scale) is transferred to a linear scale by Median_{lin} = 10^{{mu_{log10} }}, (7 where it coincides with the geometric mean.
Figure 11a, b shows Σ θθ in a logarithmic scale and input FAC in a linear scale by color, with positive value (red color) corresponding to the current into the ionosphere.
The force was continuously monitored by a pointer moving along a linear scale.
Gating was set on side-scatter, then by the fluorescence measured on a linear scale.
Fold-changes in gene expression were calculated on a linear scale by subtraction of averaged normalized intensities of control samples from mdx samples at each time point, followed by returning e raised to the power of the difference.
