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Predictions include the characteristics of electron beams and the power input into radiation throughout the foreshock, as well as the flux observed by a distant observer.
Let (tau_{r}) and t be the proper time recorded by a clock at the radial distance r and the coordinate time recorded by a distant observer, respectively.
The difference in photon arrival times (referred to as the 'time delay') measured by a distant observer is (t_{s}-t_{g}).
Hence, using Eq. (9), we can find the time spent by a photon in the two fibres, as measured by a distant observer: t_{r}=frac{nl_{r}}{csqrt{1+frac{2V(r)}{c^{2}}-frac{v_{r}^{2}}{c^{2}}}}, (10) where (l_{r}) is the proper length of the fibre at the radial distance r.
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The photons, having optical wavelengths, are degraded into longer wavelengths by dust absorption and reemission, so that the protostar is apparent to a distant observer only as an infrared object.
I am a distant observer.
As a distant observer, I don't claim to know what's really happening inside the Greek government.
Who is the man, a distant observer, whose chapters are curiously titled "The Man Who Wasn't There"?
In this model a particle moving close to the speed of light would, according to a distant observer, almost catch up with the photons it emits, so that the duration of time that elapses between an earlier emission event and a later one is systematically underestimated by the observer (compared with one moving with the beam).
To a distant observer through the years, it would have seemed that the benefits of a private school education in New York had accrued generously to Philip Culhane.
Because the stars rotate, those beams which can be radio waves, gamma- or X rays, or visible light appear, to a distant observer, to flash on and off.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com