Many naturally derived fragrances are also used for aromatherapy, where, common to many human behaviours, the effects can often be explained more by expectations than by a direct effect on health.
To demonstrate whether leptin modulates reproduction by a direct effect within the ovary.
Altogether these results indicate that HgCl2 did not reduce sap flow by a general inhibition of root metabolism, but rather by a direct effect on AQPs.
Sumatriptan may inhibit the release of CGRP via the stimulation of the presynaptic 5-HT 1B /1D receptor and/or by a direct effect on TRPV1 channels.
We further asked if this sex difference is the result of gonadal hormones, or alternatively is induced by a direct effect of genes encoded on the sex chromosomes.
The invasion also decreased autotrophic nitrification (ONH4, 0.20 0.79 ×), either by a direct effect over soil microbiota or by the acidification triggered by C. edulis.
Vasodilation induced by both derivatives is likely to be mediated by a direct effect on smooth muscle because it was not dependent on the integrity of vascular endothelium.
In XX supporting cell precursors, β-catenin levels could accumulate sufficiently to repress SOX9 activity, either through direct protein interactions leading to mutual destruction, as seen during cartilage development, or by a direct effect on Sox9 transcription.
Regueira and colleagues [27] found that in an endotoxemic pig model, administration of NE was associated with an improvement of hepatic mitochondrial respiration and concluded that this effect was probably mediated by a direct effect of NE on liver cells.
It is important to note, however, that this relationship is not driven by a direct effect of CNR1 on obesity.
Most of the estrogen activity on bone cannot be explained by a direct effect on bone cells [2].
