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Denham described it today as "unprecedented in scale" — and likely the largest investigation ever undertaken by a data protection agency in Europe.
"The E-Commerce chapter does not prohibit recourse to this option altogether, but imposes a strict test that such measures must not amount to 'arbitrary or unjustifiable discrimination or a disguised restriction on trade' — a test that would be applied by an investment court, not by a data protection authority or human rights tribunal," it adds.
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The EU has responded to such views in its traditional way: by passing a data-protection directive that came into force at the end of October, to harmonise throughout Europe the legal framework for handling data.
The original case dates back to 2011, when a German education and training company with a fan page on Facebook was ordered by a local data protection authority to deactivate the page because neither it nor Facebook had informed users their personal data was being collected.
A German education and training company which runs a fan page on Facebook had, in 2011, been ordered by a German data protection authority to deactivate the Facebook page because the latter deemed that neither it nor Facebook had informed users their personal data was being collected.
The first is an annual publication commissioned by Symantec, a maker of security software, and carried out by the Ponemon Institute, a data-protection researcher, to look into the cost of data breaches in several countries.
In September Facebook and WhatsApp were ordered by a local data protection regulator in Germany to stop sharing data on users.
Or merely close down the risk of a state-by-state data protection patchwork springing up to create new compliance headaches for business.
European Union lawmakers are expected to ignore a request by the Bush administration to revise a data-protection law they are drafting to allow the authorities greater access to information about telephone calls and Internet messages.
The pilot stage of the s-Travel initiative, an EC-funded biometric project designed to secure passenger travel, has ground to a halt in Greece following a ruling by local data protection officials that the scheme is illegal.
Information about the gathering of personal data came to light following a request by data protection authorities in Hamburg, Germany, for more information about the operation of Google's Street View technology which adds images of locations to maps.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com