Then, we theoretically prove that for any networks, the stretch factor of CSR is bounded by, where is a constant parameter only depends on the ratio between the size of the network and the radius of the sphere used in CSR.
Both of these models were rendered identifiable by fixing F to a constant parameter value.
We incorporate the cleavage of its cytoplasmic domain as an implicit process whose overall kinetics is represented by a single rate constant parameter (kcleave in Additional file 1: Text 1.3).
The level of rigidities of external agents (namely, local residents and firms) in modifying the rate of allowed immigrants in the city (specific for each municipality) is captured by the constant parameter γ (>0)10, which reflects a marginal, increasing, and convex disutility cost in the rate at which the change in the number of allowed immigrants takes place.
Thus, representing the individual rate of infection by the constant parameter β0 and the rate of removal as a function of time γ(t), these assumptions imply that the growth of the epidemic is a time-inhomogeneous stochastic birth-death chain [18] [20].
The intensity of moves is defined by the constant parameter amoext.
As a result, underestimation of lifetime number of cigarettes smoked per day due to over-reporting of smoking early in life would be expected to make only a modest contribution to mis-estimation of the risk and that mis-estimation should largely be absorbed by the constant parameter used to adjust for healthy populations (α1), since the effect would be approximated by a constant.
In addition, the effective paths were restricted by a constant or a parameter relating to the shortest path.
Motivated by constant parameter estimation in nonlinear models, as well as state observation in dynamical systems, an adaptive observer is proposed for a class of nonlinear systems linearly depending on unknown parameters.
