Sentence examples for by a compact layer from inspiring English sources

An equivalent circuit is derived by describing the electrochemical system as being a metal electrode covered by a compact layer itself covered by a looser salt film.

In the well-known double layer model based on the Gouy-Chapmann theory [20, 21] and Stern's model [22], the particle is embedded both by a compact layer, adsorbed at the surface, and by a diffuse layer.

Besides, it has been proven effective to block electron recombination by introduction of a compact layer, such as TiO2[21 25], Nb2O5[26], and ZnO[27, 28] between the FTO and porous TiO2.

A thin oxide compact film is formed in CA electrolyte and a duplex film composed of a compact layer surmounted by a columnar porous layer grows from the fluorinated electrolyte.

A compact layer was formed by spin-coating a precursor solution on FTO and annealed at 500 °C for 30 min.

Two different morphologies of nano-structured titanium dioxide a nanotubular layer and a compact layer - were obtained by anodization of titanium in fluoride-based baths, and the photo-induced effects of these layers were investigated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS).

An anatase TiO2 sol containing ultrafine TiO2 crystallites (ca. 5 nm) was used to fabricate the dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) with a compact layer, which was prepared by the peptization hydrothermal method using the CF3COOH as peptizing agent.

The electron beam scanned the powder layer line by line and melted the loose powder particles at programmed locations forming a compact layer in the desired shape.

Are there different physiopathological consequences for brain regions protected by a new and compact layer of astrocytes and those close to a ventricular wall lined by a loose and highly permeable layer of astrocytes?

It is shown that, for growth potentials in the range 1.17 1.29 V vs. SCE, the deposition process involves the formation of oligomers in the solution, progressive nucleation of centres of the new phase and three-dimensional growth of a first compact layer followed by a non-uniform distribution of granular-like clusters, whose number and size increase with the synthesis potential and charge.

The discharge-prepared films in this range of thickness are composed by one compact layer with a relatively low concentration of ionised donors (Nd = (1 3) × 1018 cm−3) estimated from Mott Schottky plots, whilst the conventional galvanostatic method leads to the development of two-layer film s consisting of an inner compact layer and a nanoporous outer one.