For the number of teeth, there is a clear age gradient, a social class gradient and the expected income effect.
Our hypothesis was that there would be a social class gradient in hospital admissions and bed days, but that this would be explained by pre-existing behavioural, anthropometric, biological and clinical risk factors.
Mortality from competing causes of death, and survival of cancer patients also varies by social class [ 116, 117]: a positive social class gradient in the incidence rates can change to a negative one in mortality, due to better survival in upper social classes, as demonstrated with the Finnish data for rectal cancer [ 27].
Previous studies suggested either a negative social class gradient (i.e. increased risk in lower social classes) or no gradient at all [ 4].
Cigarette smoking in the general population shows a pronounced social class gradient.
Among adults in high income countries, e.g. Great Britain, smoking follows a steep social class gradient with more smoking in lower social classes [ 6].
The paper elaborates on the statistical interpretation of a class of gradient models by resorting to both microscopic and macroscopic considerations.
Income has a significant impact on OHIP, but there is no clear age gradient and a less consistent and significant social class gradient.
In this paper, the limit theorems proposed by Drucker and co-workers are reformulated to address a class of gradient-dependent elastoplastic geomaterials.
Immature sink leaves contain predominantly Class I PP cells with no wall ingrowths, while intermediate leaves are characterized by a basipetal gradient with Class III PP TCs in minor veins at the tip of the leaf and predominantly Class I PP cells at the leaf base.
