The geometrical characteristics of the channels, such as their effective radii and lengths, are selected from the statistical distributions obtained by the characterization method, as are the two average coordination numbers.
Properties of the BCTCo powder and the hollow fibre membranes in terms of crystalline phase, morphology, electrical conductivity, porosity, mechanical strength and hydrogen/oxygen permeation were investigated by a variety of characterization methods.
Graphite oxides synthesized by one and two step Brodie oxidation (BGO) and Hummers (HGO) methods were analyzed by a variety of characterization methods in order to evaluate the reasons behind the difference in their properties.
Prepared films were described by a series of characterization methods involving atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and ultraviolet visible spectroscopy (UV vis).
The XB interactions in the solid state of 1/2,2-dipyridine and 1/2,2-bipyrimidine were confirmed by a series of characterization methods, such as thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) involving 19F NMR and solid-state 13C NMR.
Hence, it is clear that each of the three methods has strengths and limitations that have to be considered and taken into account when interpreting the data but only by using multiple characterization methods a clearer impression of the state of the dispersion can be obtained.
The toughening mechanisms of a SiC fiber reinforced sol-gel fabricated mullite matrix composites were studied by combining the microstructure, the micro-mechanical properties (especially the interface) and the macro fracture resistance by a bottom-to-up mechanical characterization method (transmission electron microscopy, nanoindentation, fiber push-in, digital image correction, etc).
The parameters that can be determined by application of this characterization method are expected to be useful to study and optimize growth conditions for carbon nanofibers grown by chemical vapor deposition.
A heterogeneous distribution of Ti is observed by independent characterization methods, including scanning transmission electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy and atom probe tomography.
The resultant ZnO nanoparticles formed hierarchical aggregates with a three-dimensional cubic morphology, whereas ZnO@C hybrid composites consisted of faceted ZnO crystals embedded within a highly porous carbonaceous species, as determined by several characterization methods.
