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This is followed by a backward selection step.
The final model was obtained by a backward selection strategy recommended by Kleinbaum et al. 19 The statistical software SPSS V.13.0 for windows (SPSS, Chicago, Illinois, USA) was used to carry out all the analyses.
MRNET-B is a modification of MRNET that replaces the forward selection strategy to identify the best subset of regulator genes by a backward selection strategy followed by a sequential replacement [ 32].
After adding regional variables at level 3 and fitting the model by a backward selection of the regional variables, only the variable "East Germany" remains in the model, showing an overall reduction in PCS of 1.0 points (Model 3).
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Fractional polynomials (by using a backward selection algorithm for suitable transformations as proposed by [ 27] with a family-wise error rate of 5%) were used to model the relationship between endothelial biomarkers and insulin sensitivity.
The sets of significant covariates from the univariate analysis were tested in the Cox regression proportional hazards models by using a backward selection algorithm.
Full sets of individual- and center-level explanatory variables were included in their respective regression models, and the optimal subsets of variables were chosen by using a backward selection.
The allelic effect of the detected QTLs in each treatment, the effect of QTLxE and the explained phenotypic variance of each QTL per treatment were determined by running a backward selection on the candidate QTLs in a mixed linear model, taking the QTL effect in each treatment as fixed terms and the interaction between each hybrid family and the treatment as random [ 56].
In the final multivariate models only variables with a P level less than 0.05 were retained; non-significant variables were removed by means of a backward selection procedure.
A backward selection by Akaike Information Criterion AICC) in a stepwise algorithm was conducted.
The significance levels and QTL effects were determined by a final backward selection step at a significance level of 0.05.
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