Sentence examples for by a background mutation from inspiring English sources

For example, if a phenotype is found arising in both mutant and wild-type segregants of the target gene it is more likely to be caused by a background mutation.

Finally, the background probability b jg that a gene g is mutated in sample j under the background model (i.e. given g is a passenger) is approximated by summing the probability of a background mutation across all base pairs in the gene.

The predicted rate of evolution at each position, K p, is just the sum of the R abp times the probability that that base was observed, i.e., In order to test these predictions, we estimated a background mutation model (P ab ) by fitting the HKY85 model [ 34] to entire promoter sequences using the PAML package [ 35], treating all positions independently (see methods).

Estimation of a background mutation rate can be significantly affected by mutation rate heterogeneity across different DNA contexts.

To exclude the effect of protein size [ 54], we normalized mutation frequencies by the background mutation rate or coding sequencing length.

The ratio of the two parameters, Ka/Ks (a measure of selection strength), is defined as the degree of evolutionary change, normalized by random background mutation.

For each gene, we test if the number of samples with 'driver-like' non-silent mutations is higher than that expected by the background mutation model M0.

Our method can be extended to include copy number variation in the test statistics; we can test for each gene if the number of samples with 'driver-like' non-silent mutation or copy number variation is higher than that expected by the background mutation model.

They estimate a separate background mutation rate for each mutation type by multiplying relative frequencies of each mutation type by the background rate ρ N.

MutSigCV [ 35] analyzes lists of mutations discovered in DNA sequencing, to identify genes that are mutated more often than expected by chance given background mutation processes.

However, interpretation of the results with NER-null CHO clones was complicated by their greater background mutation frequencies, and these high denominator values offer an alternative explanation for an appearance of diminished mutagenic responses for Cr VI) when data were expressed as a fold of change.