Adequate animal models to study the biological properties of NPs with specific organs in a whole animal are necessary.
This result agrees with data reported by Inoue and coworkers [ 18] in the elastase-induced emphysema model showing that CB NPs with a specific surface area and a diameter similar to our NPs, and at a dose similar to that used in our study, also induced inflammation per se and potentiated elastase-induced inflammation but not emphysema.
In addition to passive targeting by size, LNs and LN-resident cells are being actively targeted by conjugating NPs and MPs with specific ligands or receptors.
In addition, serum samples had been collected regularly since week 4 of age to confirm they were continuously AIV-negative by NP-specific antibody testing with competitive enzyme linked immuno-sorbent assay (ELISA) and haemagglutinin inhibition (HI) test using H4 and H5 subtype antigens.
In general, it is widely accepted that the surface of NPs plays an important and critical role in serum proteins adhesion [ 6– 8] followed by linking with specific cell membrane receptors (i.e., integrins, etc).
However, further study are necessary to elucidate the role played by FAK and other kinases in the activation of specific cellular biochemical pathways triggered by NPs interaction with cellular systems.
The total lysate including influenza RNP was analyzed by 7.5% SDS-PAGE with silver staining (Invitrogen) and confirmed by western blotting with specific antibody against PB1, PB2, PA and NP [34], [40].
Thus, it is technically difficult to accurately stain the high-force NP-TGT sensors by NP-specific antibodies within the B cell IS.
Thus, superparamagnetic iron oxide NPs (SPIONs) surface-functionalized with specific biomolecules are indispensable for biomedical applications.
The functionalization of NPs means their conjugation with specific antibodies or ligands.
