Signifying sunshine, beauty and freedom, butterflies are ubiquitous in our culture, ever-present on greeting cards and used to sell everything from oven chips to SUVs.
Marren's research, however, reveals a long tradition of butterflies representing dark desires, fallen angels, temptation and death.
For artists, novelists and film-makers, however, butterflies and moths have often taken on darker meanings.
Blake Lively's arm is strewn with images of butterflies on barbed wire.
Like many butterflies, the high brown fritillary spends the colder months as a hibernating caterpillar, and these die if winters are warm and wet.
One of the butterflies was seen again over two days last week in Holt country park, Norfolk, a sign it successfully hibernated over winter.
The organic approach is to select species - A. 'Little Carlow', for example - that are disease-resistant Anaphalis, or pearly everlasting, so-called because of the length of time it holds its flowers, is a fairly weedy perennial, but if you have enough space, it makes good ground cover, often visited by butterflies.
Among the more common species, butterflies whose caterpillars feed on grass did particularly well last year after warm, sunny weather with some rain promoted luxuriant grass growth early last summer.
And in The Duke of Burgundy, a new film by Peter Strickland, the story of an S&M relationship is told through butterflies and moths.
Throughout his career, Damien Hirst has used butterflies (including live ones hatching in a gallery) to make statements about the fleeting nature of life.
The fields of the North Pennines were cut for hay a while ago, but these grassy strips hold late-flowering plants – knapweed, scabious, betony – with nectar for bumblebees and butterflies.
