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In immunologically naïve lungs, they downregulate inflammatory reactions, but when challenged with LPS or apoptotic cells they induce phagocytosis by macrophages, pro-inflammatory cytokine production, and enhancement of adaptive immune responses [ 46].
Knockin mice had normal levels of hepatic fat on a chow diet, but when challenged with a high-sucrose diet their liver fat levels increased 2 to 3-fold compared to wild-type littermates without any associated changes in glucose homeostasis.
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When GPx isoenzyme activities in response to treatment were analyzed, it was observed that Se-independent GPx activity was reduced in response to hypothyroidism but was enhanced when challenged with T3.
Health benefits of circumcision are commonly cited, but tend to evaporate when challenged, with medical professional bodies tending to dismiss it as a question of personal choice.
Intriguingly, the remarkable survival of mature neurons is seen not only when challenged with developmental cues, but also following axotomy, traumatic brain injury, hypoxia, or viral infection.
This recombinant NDV protected chickens against both NDV and H5N2 virus, but some vaccinated chickens showed signs of clinical disease when challenged with highly- pathogenic H5N2 virus.
These authors have shown that rainbow trout strains selected for high cortisol response had lower survival rate when challenged with A. salmonicida (the causative agent of furunculosis), but higher survival rates when challenged with Vibrio anguillarum (the causative agent of vibriosis), when compared to strains selected for low cortisol response.
Our findings suggested the involvement of α2-adrenergic, but excluded the α1-adrenergic receptors since MEMC activity was significantly reversed, when challenged with yohimbine (α2-adrenergic antagonist).
When challenged with his 2004 statement that he "could not conceive of a life without writing", he replies: "I was wrong.
When challenged with the above concerns, Marshall argues that the CSIRO isn't needed to do that work because universities are now doing it.
Accordingly, AQP4-null animal models are protected against brain edema when challenged with hypoosmotic hyponatremia [60 62].
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com