The remaining 12 defendants were issued with fines but were exempted from payment due to a technicality.
Shipping companies pay tonnage and port taxes but are exempt from income tax and tax on profits.
The airlines also could seek a compromise with Europe whereby they would accept the system but be exempt from paying for their pollution outside of E.U. airspace.
Military personnel costs, which absorb 34% of the Pentagon's spending, count against the overall budget cap but are exempt from the cuts.
In Ohio, Gov. John Kasich talks of "charter universities" that would get less state financing, but be exempt from some state mandates, like those covering construction projects.
As a charter school that receives public money but is exempt from certain rules, they say, it is subject to less oversight.
Since taking office in 2002, Mayor Michael Bloomberg has pursued an aggressive policy of replacing large, failing schools with smaller, specialized ones and greatly expanding the number of charter schools, which receive public money but are exempt from some state rules.
They then applied for a building permit, asking the town of Southold to consider the heron to be a monument -- a designation that requires a building permit but is exempt from height restrictions.
But emotional flash points in this campaign have centered on three issues: mayoral control, specifically whether the State Legislature gave Mayor Michael Bloomberg too much power when it consolidated authority over the schools in City Hall in 2002; failing schools and when to close them; and the role of charter schools, which receive public money but are exempt from some state regulations.
Mr García must soon decide whether to negotiate a tax increase with many big mining companies, which are earning windfall profits but are exempt from a 3% royalty under agreements signed in the 1990s.Mr García is timid in part because his political position is shaky.
