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This lack of conservation is not a surprise because compensatory mutations occur widely in ncRNAs, and many ncRNAs are conserved in structure but not in sequence [ 42, 43].
Microsatellite alleles can generally be divided into two types: alleles that are identical in both length and sequence and those identical in length but not in sequence, the latter being known as homoplastic microsatellite alleles.
For instance, the 84-nucleotide (nt) long structure-anchored repression element (CAESAR) in CTGF[ 4] is highly conserved in structure but not in sequence, and is suspected to inhibit translation and affect mRNA stability [ 11].
Accordingly, one can divide microsatellite homoplasy into two types: (1) microsatellite alleles identical in length, but not in sequence (indistinguishable by fragment length analyses), and (2) alleles identical in both length and sequences, but with different evolutionary history (only detectable through mutations documented in known pedigrees).
We note that almost half of evolutionarily conserved non-coding gene-regulatory sequences in vertebrate genomes [ 35], and probably a similar fraction of those that are conserved in function and shape but not in sequence [ 36, 37], are located within this span of DNA adjoining transcription start sites of genes.
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Here, we show that several amino acids on the surface of the JC virus capsid protein VP1 display accelerated evolution in viral sequences isolated from PML patients but not in sequences isolated from healthy subjects.
Our analysis showing an excess in observed association signals within genes but not in sequences beyond gene boundaries supports the view that such a gene-centric enrichment does occur, thereby providing an rationale for targeting the immediate vicinity of genes for analysis.
The difference from the control is that the TCM compounds interact with amino acids and become H-bonded in sequences 20 28 and 147 157, but not in sequences 90 98.
In this study, we demonstrated that JHN contained an allele of Pi7 in IRBL7-M sharing limited sequence differences in nucleotide but not in protein sequence.
is 0,1-valued but not in the sequence, since it differs from ƒn on the argument n.
We have also observed that several positions appear to be instable (with heteroplasmic-like patterns) in forward but not in reverse sequence electropherograms or vice versa.
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