ETS contains lower doses of the same toxins that smokers inhale [ 1], so maternal ETS exposure during pregnancy should have similar but less severe effects.
Similar but less severe effects of L1 diapause on fertility were also detected in daf-18 mutants (Fig. 2C,D; supplementary material Fig. S1).
For instance, due to the larger niche availability, species that coexist in heterogeneous environments experience a less severe effect of clustering in their functional traits giving rise to assemblages that are more functionally diverse than in more homogeneous areas.
However, our local disturbances reduced local populations, but did not necessarily kill all individuals in a local patch, and thus had a less severe effect on community composition.
The somewhat less severe effect could relate to the fact that Neurod1 is downstream to Neurog1 and some common sensory neuron/hair cell precursors may already have separated.
Moreover, using multiple-gene knockout data, we find that functional compensation by duplicate genes for a more severe phenotypic effect tends to be preserved by natural selection for a longer time than that for a less severe effect.
A likely explanation for this discrepancy might be the combination of a less severe effect on WAT resulting in an incomplete WAT loss, an increased liver and spleen mass as well as severe skin edema.
Although we observe a less severe effect of sampling than predicted under some earlier simulation models, our results should not be seen as an encouragement to neglect this issue.
The more distal deletions arise at Xq27 or Xq28 and exert a less severe effect on stature and reproductive function than do proximal deletions (Simpson, 1975; Simpson and Rajkovic, 1999).
