Type IV hypersensitivity, unlike the other reactions, does not involve antibodies but instead is mediated by T cells.
Despite being initiated by glucose deprivation (GD), both in vitro and in vivo investigations showed that hypoglycemic neuronal cell death is not a direct result of energy failure but instead is mediated by glutamate excitotoxicity (Engelsen et al., 1986; Linden et al., 1987; Monyer et al., 1989; Papagapiou and Auer, 1990; Jackman et al., 2012).
Strikingly, calcineurin activation was not dependent upon the phagocytic receptor Dectin-1 or Syk, but instead was mediated through the newly described MyD88-independent, TLR9 BTK signalling pathway.
Unexpectedly, the regrowth-inhibitory function of EFA-6 is independent of its GEF activity, and instead is mediated by its N-terminal domain (Chen et al., 2011).
Our results demonstrate that male pheromone preference is not directly affected by the topological arrangement of olfactory glomeruli itself, but that male preference may instead be mediated by an antennal factor, which causes the MGC glomeruli to be differentially sized.
It has been reported that PSA directly cleaves tau (18), although a recent report has challenged this finding (209), and the protective effects of PSA may instead be mediated through activation of autophagy (210).
Although still requiring experimental verification, on the basis of our results it is possible that in those cases NEDDylation was independent of the NEDD8 pathway, and instead was mediated by ubiquitin enzymes.
We find, however, that the loss of the cellulosomal structures on the cell surface of C. thermocellum DSM1313 does not significantly affect binding to insoluble cellulose, which must instead be mediated by other cellular components.
Our data indicate that the apoptotic response to DNA damage is regulated through CEP-1 mediated transcriptional induction of egl-1 and ced-13, whereas other DNA damage responses such as cell cycle arrest and DNA repair, which are also found in unicellular organisms such as yeast, might instead be mediated through posttranscriptional modifications of checkpoint proteins.
Our recent description of a novel nuclear variant of BMP2, nBMP2, raised the question of whether functions previously attributed to secreted BMP2 might instead be mediated by nBMP2, since both proteins can be translated from the same mRNA transcript and therefore coexpressed by the same cell [ 1].
Taken together, these results suggest that EST administered with a clinical dose and parameters for up to about 6 weeks does bring about changes in muscle metabolism and promotes subtle isoform shifts, but the increased MVC force is not the result of overt muscle hypertrophy, but instead, it is mediated by changes in some elements of the nervous system.
