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Unexpectedly, MG 132 did not reverse the GLP-1-induced suppression of iNOS expression but instead induced loss of iNOS protein and hence proteasomal inhibition did not prevent but stimulated degradation of iNOS, suggesting other control mechanisms regulating the cellular balance of this protein.
Subsequent reactivation of MYC did not restore the cells' malignant properties but instead induced apoptosis.
Interestingly, pCPT-cGMP did not evoke Ca2+ peaks similar to glutamate, but instead induced a slow but prominent cytosolic Ca2+ influx.
Finally, in the fourth group, changes in protein expression were not affected by Sel treatment but instead induced only by SelM overexpression.
Anti-TNF antibody therapy did not reverse CTLA-4 dysfunction but instead induced the differentiation of a distinct and potent Treg population.
In contrast, apoptosis induced by Tg treatment was completely suppressed by addition of CHOP siRNA to the Tg treatment culture, but instead induced autophagy with increased ATF4 and suppressed CHOP expression.
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Importantly, previous studies and those presented herein show that C. neoformans strain H99γ is not an attenuated strain but instead induces protective host immune responses resulting in its eradication and the induction of protective anti-cryptococcal immunity.
Activation of the T-cell receptor without costimulation of the CD28 receptor does not induce activation but instead induces anergy or cell death [ 3].
Studies in human hepatocellular liver carcinoma cell line, HepG2, cells show that hypoxia does not induce Sp1 but instead induces Egr-1 (Bae et al., 1999).
For example, human macrophages do not induce the effector enzyme, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS or NOS2), which generates the toxic radical nitric oxide, but instead induce indoleamine dioxygenase (IDO) in response to LPS [ 6, 7].
Exposure to 1000 ppm O2 is not lethal after embryogenesis, but instead induces diapause in which development and reproduction – but not movement and other biological activities – reversibly arrest (Miller & Roth, 2009).
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com