The importance of GRB2 recruitment is that it results in the activation of RAS and the downstream activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) p42 and p44.
None of these affect the phagocytosis of E. coli (see discussion), but they significantly affect the downstream activation of humoral immune responses and the expression of AMPs.
Finally, we found elevated TATc levels suggest that active TF results in downstream activation of the coagulation cascade.
It is further hypothesized that this activity may lead to downstream activation of pro-inflammatory mediators such as interleukin 1 (IL-1) and bradykinin [6].
TRAF6 activation leads to downstream activation of PI3K, the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade, and the transcription factor families NFκB, NFAT, and IRF [12], [14], [15].
This study also showed that IR-induced Net1 activity was also responsible for downstream activation of the MAPK pathway, leading to an increase in cell survival [20].
PD-1 inhibits the induction of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) activity as well as the downstream activation of Akt [ 32].
Furthermore, sensitive breast cancer cell lines generally had higher levels of activated Akt, perhaps leading to downstream activation of mTOR and subsequent sensitivity to mTOR inhibitors.
A number of these, including Grb2 and ShcA, are from proteins predicted to promote downstream activation of the RAS/MAPK pathway when bound to activated RTKs.
In LmnaDhe/+ fibroblasts and other Lmna/LMNA mutant cells, the TRP53 pathway is activated subsequent to DNA damage, although further downstream activation of apoptosis fails [20] [22], [43].
