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Conclusions: The data suggest some element of placebo benefit at median pain ratings but a protective effect of the bupivacaine at maximum pain levels.
Instrumental support was associated with a significantly increased disability risk, with a greater adverse effect among Whites than African AMERICANS: Emotional support was not associated with disability, but a protective effect for ADL disability was found after controlling for its intercorrelation with instrumental support.
The cause of this sex difference remains unclear, but a protective effect of female sex hormones is proposed as an intriguing mechanistic explanation.
Van Zundert et al. [ 5] found that support and behavioural control were not related to adolescent alcohol use, whereas Barnes et al. [ 6] found no direct effect of support, but a protective effect of behavioural control regarding alcohol misuse.
Cross-sectionally, we did not find worse lung function in those patients who used methotrexate in the total population, but a protective effect was found in those with RA.
Several studies have consistently demonstrated a risk effect of avoidance coping but a protective effect of approach coping on the development of suicidal behavior among college students [ 11– 13].
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Pediocin (2500 and 5000 AU) and heat decreased D-values, but exhibited a protective effect at higher concentrations (≥7500 AU).
In this study, all of the FTO polymorphisms were associated with elevated risk for diabetes and obesity in white participants, while addition of the rs1421085 C allele was a determinant of increased susceptibility to obesity in African-Americans but conferred a protective effect against diabetes.
Sclerotherapy could increase the initial risk of (variceal) bleeding but have a protective effect over time, eventually translating into an overall treatment benefit.
Epidemiological studies of physical activity and prostate cancer risk have been inconclusive, but suggest a protective effect with higher levels of activity (Friedenreich and Thune, 2001).
Briefly, the hemoglobin S allele of β-globin is generally deleterious, but has a protective effect against malaria infection, and therefore in malaria-endemic areas the deleterious allele is maintained at high levels in the population [ 357].
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