In the Katavi-Rukwa ecosystem, bush meat consumption is common and buffaloes are one of the main species hunted [ 50].
This clearly illustrates that the management of invasive alien plants and bush encroachment can deliver significant ecosystem services benefits whose value outweighs the costs of restoration.
There, in the lush outdoors, stuck between the strong mangroves' roots and tangled in the tropical bushes were countless plastic containers suffocating the ecosystem and playing hosts to mosquitoes.
In Namibia, the estimated value of ecosystem services from the restoration of bush encroachment was US$5.8 billion.
In South Africa, the estimated value of ecosystem services from the restoration of bush encroachment was US$2.1 billion, and US$6.6 billion from the restoration of alien plant invasions.
During photosynthesis, C3 plants in terrestrial ecosystems (trees, bushes, shrubs, forbs, and high altitude and high latitude grasses) discriminate more markedly against the heavy C isotope during fixation of CO2 than C4 plants (tropical grasses and sedges).
Therefore, the appropriate control and management of bush encroachment and alien plant invasions can restore ecosystems services and enhance the provision of timber and non-timber products to society.
It gives the ecosystem a holistic boost, encouraging wildlife like bush pigeons and rabbits to return, and providing welcome human benefits such as wood cuttings for cooking and new food sources such as tamarind.
Changes in LULC in the Borana rangelands have had substantial impacts (e.g., shrinkage of grassland, bush encroachment, and rangeland degradation) on the rangeland resources and ecosystem services (Oba et al. 2000).
In southwestern North America more than 19 million hectares of arid and semi-arid C4-dominated grassland have been invaded by Larrea tridentata (creosote bush), a common C3 shrub native to North American desert ecosystems [28].
