Simulation results show that for different proportions of bus flow over the whole flow, a critical probability sending vehicles into the system exists and represents the decreasing trend with respect to the bus flow proportion.
Open image in new window Fig. 6 A simple example: a footprints of the city bus (traffic flows) based on the minimum cost network flow on an undirected network (the red colored links represent places of interest and must be visited at least once); b the corresponding augmented directed network to show how the city bus navigates through the network.
Not one of these impediments to bus-lane flow may be as picturesque as, say, a loitering cow or a rickshaw driver sleeping on his handlebars, but the impact they have on the system's ability to perform as intended is nevertheless the same.
In multi-slack-bus power flow, the number of variables is 2NE − r and the number of equations is 2NE − r; these numbers are equal, so there is a unique solution if the equations are well conditioned.
In this paper, an application program, based on the automated mapping/facilities management/ geographic information system (AM/FM/GIS) is developed which contains a function of automatically computing Z-bus, load flow and phase balancing of feeders with phase swapping by using easily selecting of feeder on a graphic user interface application.
Table 3 ARMS results of state variables in coupled system State variables ARMS Case 1 Case 2 Pressure at node 5 0.062 0.128 Pressure at node 11 0.098 0.120 Voltage at bus 3 0.150 0.227 Gas flow in line 1 3 0.075 0.131 Gas flow in line 6 9 0.088 0.112 Active power flow in line 17 18 0.052 0.052.
By applying DC load flow model [5] or linearized AC load flow model [9], bus voltages and branch flows can be represented as a linear combination of input variables, which makes convolution procedure feasible.
Adjusted dispatches need to satisfy nodal balance (33), power flow and bus angle constraint (34), power flow limit (35), bus angle limit (36), capacity limits (37)–(39), corrective ramp capabilities for coupling base-case dispatches and dispatch adjustments under uncertainty (40), as well as ramp up and down limits (41)–(41).
Due to the priority scheduling for wind power, the wind farm connects to a system as a negative load and is treated as PQ bus in power flow calculation.
The reliability model of components is established in [3] based on the real-time operating conditions considering the impact of the components outage probability of the line flow, bus voltage and system frequency, etc.
