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Measurements of the peak temperature inside the peat, fire duration and longwave thermal radiation from the burning samples revealed important local changes of the smouldering behaviour in response to sharp gradients in moisture content.
Burning samples of nitramine composite solid gun propellants were quenched, and the burned surfaces examined microscopically and by chemical analysis.
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Single AP particle ignition delay, lifetime, and flame height are determined as a function of particle diameter over a range from 100 to 500 μm at 1 atm within the burning sample.
In these cases, there is an advantage in burning the samples and then introducing the CO2 directly into a gas ion source.
Heat content was determined by burning the samples with excess of oxygen at a pressure of 435 psi in a sealed steel bomb, which is regarded as a near-adiabatic system.
Loss on ignition, which was measured by burning the sample in muffle furnace at 800 °C for 3 h, was 3%.
Moisture contents were determined by weight difference before and after drying the samples at 80 °C for 24 h, and ash contents were obtained by burning the dry samples in a furnace at 600 °C for 2 h and cooled to room temperature in a desiccator.
The TS content was analyzed by oven-drying the samples for 24 h at 105 °C (Binder, Germany), and the VS content was determined by burning the dried samples to ashes for 30 min at 220 °C and then for 2 h at 550 °C in a muffle furnace (Carbolite, UK).
The XRD analysis was performed on all the residues of different density fractions obtained from burning the coal samples at different temperatures.
Prior to burning the CA sample was subjected to UV/ozone radiation for 10 min and then was burned at 350°C in an ashing furnace (Carbolite) for 4×30 min. The gradually decreasing weight of CA was measured by using AE100 microbalances (Mettler Toledo) with an accuracy of six digits after each time interval until the weight remained constant.
In Yellowstone, seven sites that began to recover from 1 to about 300 years ago following burning events were sampled for their species richness.
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