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They found the burned material 30 metres inside the entrance to the cave, which makes it unlikely to be a result of natural causes.
This effect is shown to increase with activation energy due to larger unreacted gas pockets, and deeper penetration of the pockets into the region of mostly burned material.
Shock-flame interactions, through the Richtmyer-Meshkov instability, create and maintain a highly turbulent flame brush and are responsible for injecting unburned material into the region of burned material.
Previous excavations of other sites in South Africa, such as at Swartkrans near Johannesburg, have burned material dated to 1.5m years ago, but the techniques used to study this and other old sites do not provide conclusive evidence that the burning occurred in controlled fires.
In contrast to the "esep" fields, where any unburned biomass is left to rot, "afub owondo" fields are cleaned if the first burn is incomplete: women remove all partially burned material and weed debris, pile it around trunks of undesired large trees and conduct a second burn (Carrière 2003).
However, behind the shock front, where less concentration of small-scale vortices exist, the diffusion of heat and mass from neighboring hot regions of burned material to the unreacted gases increases the burning rate of the un-reacted pockets.
Similar(45)
Burning material remains a failure in a circular economy perspective.
The group's James Orr said: "Burning material is a very primitive, very antiquated, very old-fashioned approach".
Chunks of the scorched and burned rigid material that sat behind the aluminium sandwich panels were found all around the area after the blaze.
In Oaxaca's capital, masked protesters emptied a vehicle of ballots, boxes and voting tables and burned the material in the main square.
The first approach, identifying visually darkened phytoliths, was accurate when performed on freshly burned leaf material, but highly problematic when applied to weathered phytoliths extracted from a typical grassland soil.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com