Young Red Guards attacked bureaucrats, managers, teachers, and others whose ideological purity was suspect.
By this time, four decades after the Revolution, the Communist Party had solidified into the so-called nomenklatura a 10 million-strong elite of bureaucrats, managers, and technicians intent on guarding their power and prerogatives.
At the time, Pepys was a mid-level bureaucrat-manager.
So planning the medical workforce is difficult, and Alan Maynard shouldn't be too hard on the bureaucrats and managers who get it consistently wrong.
But there is much room for confusion and delay, and many constituencies involved: state and city legislators and bureaucrats, school managers and teachers, education advocates and parents groups -- and more than a million students.
The team consisted of only 40 or so bureaucrats and managers spread between Liberia, Sierra Leone, and Guinea — but they leveraged more than 10,000 aid workers, including almost 5,000 in Liberia alone, by partnering with NGOs.
He's more like a mid-level bureaucrat, the hotel manager.
It will succeed only if bureaucrats become impartial, managers run their companies in the interests of all the shareholders, and bankers assess loans on their merits.
Corrupt managers, bureaucrats and the official trade unions, he says, combine to keep workers in poverty.The authorities argue that elaborate labour legislation, like environmental protection, is a brake on economic growth that Russia cannot afford.
Those touched by the corruption scandals included a number of businessmen with close connections to the government, bureaucrats and bank managers, but also Bilal Erdoğan, son of the prime minister.
Mr Kay fears that if the institutions do grow more militant about executive pay, there is a "risk of a return to the 1970s", with bosses paid like bureaucrats and talented managers seeking more rewarding work elsewhere.That would indeed be a bad thing.
