Almost everyone who works in the government bureaucracy exercises some discretion that is unsupervised in the first instance.
The emperor ruled with the aid of an aristocratic bureaucracy, exercising authority with harsh and often repressive controls.
Phanariote, member of one of the principal Greek families of the Phanar, the Greek quarter of Constantinople (Istanbul), who, as administrators in the civil bureaucracy, exercised great influence in the Ottoman Empire in the 18th century.
No one said Iran was the democratic model that China's Communist bureaucracy had in mind, with the Chinese government authorized to exercise an effective veto over candidates.
However, in creating a space within which symbolic power can be exercised bureaucracy becomes distanced from practice.
QUESTIONING Britain's bureaucracy is a fruitless exercise at the best of times.
Customs was, as usual, a relaxed exercise in bureaucracy, involving much chatter about the beauty of our destination, Todos Santos, some 950 miles south.
At the close of the Time of Troubles, the bureaucracy's functions were exercised by leading boyars and professional administrators; by Peter's time the mercantile class, the whole of the nobility, and the clergy had become part of its ubiquitous network.
Similarly Quality of Care bureaucracies necessarily involve the exercise of symbolic power.
Helped set up Isis Innovation and founded Oxford Molecular Likes: Exercise Dislikes: Excessive bureaucracy Married to Mary Phillips, director of research programmes at University College London.
"Reorganisations are often presented as an exercise in cutting bureaucracy, and this one is no exception, with the astounding claim being made that NHS management costs will be reduced by 45%," he writes.
