When they do not balance, the externality is more markedly non-local and redistribution is required to balance the fiscal burden (or product) from pigouvian instruments among all beneficiaries.
Distributors handle the burden of product placement issues as well as the issues encountered in dealing with individual customers.
This holistic approach avoids a narrow perspective of the environmental burden of products [26].
Lifecycle analysis (LCA) is a methodology to quantify the total environmental impact (burden) of a product or process over its entire lifecycle – from raw materials to product to end-of-life disposal.
For reducing environmental burden of industrial products, it is mandatory to rationalize product design and to achieve a closed loop product life cycle by use of comprehensive parts reuse and recycling.
The European Union provides a model for industrial regulation that would shift the burden of safe product disposal back to the manufacturers that produce electronic goods.
Given increasing financial constraints, a reduction in private-sector firms' corporate tax burden spurs new product and process sales despite failing to affect either their decision to pursue R&D or the amount to invest.
"Remanufacturing" is considered as a suitable end-of-life strategy that can help reduce the overall environmental burden from the product by processing waste materials while at the same time keeping reliability high.
An individual's body burden is a product of multiple years of exposure (Pinsky and Lorber 1998) and a lifetime of varying elimination rates.
While our multivariable analysis did account for comorbidity burden and blood product transfusions, we cannot rule out indication bias and potential residual confounding.
