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This matters not just for living standards but also for Ireland's fiscal situation: it is GNP that does the heavy lifting on the public finances, since multinational profits are taxed so lightly.If measuring Ireland's debt as a share of GDP understates the burden, measuring it as a share of GNP overstates it because it neglects the contribution that foreign firms do make to taxes.
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The federal regulatory burden, measured by the number of regulators employed, hasn't gone up much, and has actually fallen since 1980.
Britain's debt burden, measured against its gross domestic product, is not nearly as high as Greece's or Italy's.
The tax burden (measured by the Institute for Fiscal Studies in the form of total government receipts as a share of national income) started at just above 40 per cent in 1979, peaked at 45.4 per cent in 1982, then fell below 40 per cent in 1990.
Acute symptom burden, measured by TSS and individual symptom increases, significantly increased as the high school football season advanced.
Iodine burden measured from combined image using global thresholds for LK and RK are shown in Table 2.
Considering the tumour burden, measured using the continuous variable BSI, and not only the presence of metastases (M0 or M1), it was possible to divide the metastatic group.
This protocol significantly decreased muscle larval burden measured in the parenteral phase, on day 30 post-infection, when compared with the untreated control.
To investigate the relationship between in vivo brain amyloid-beta (Aβ) burden, measured by 11C-labeled Pittsburgh Compound B (11C-PiB) retention, and age-at-onset in patients with Alzheimer disease (AD).
We found a significant association between carotid plaque burden (measured as total plaque volume) and WML severity.
Miyoshi et al reported that A-FABP was independently associated with coronary plaque burden measured by intravascular ultrasound in 125 CAD patients, and women had a greater impact than in men [29].
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com