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However, being given the high power density of femtosecond pulses, multiphoton absorption phenomena occur, which makes it possible to obtain 3D-localized effects in the bulk volume of a sample (Figure 3a).
Porosity is the ratio of the volume of void space to the bulk volume of a material and is a measure of how much fluid can be contained within a volumetric space.
The Biot effective stress coefficient defines the change in the bulk volume of a material as the pore pressure fluctuates and may be determined by means of several empirical relations.
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The scanning setup enabled to cover a wide CdS-doped area in the bulk volume of the sample; with a mean power of 60 mW, a small part of the deposited energy (1,600 J/cm2) is absorbed and transformed into heat to break down precursor molecules and to form CdS-NP.
Since the creation of the observatory, 66 eruptions (1981 2016) have occurred with durations of between 0.3 and 196 days emitting, on average, a bulk volume of 9 × 106 m3 (Peltier et al. 2009; Roult et al. 2012).
The gaps of these blocks were again filled with 6 μL of PBS, after which the entire block was submersed in a bulk volume of 10 mL of PBS (see Figure 1).
The basaltic Cerro Negro eruption consisted of numerous small explosions over the course of 13 days and resulted in a deposit with an estimated bulk volume of 0.003 km (Hill et al. 1998).
As a result, some properties that are anisotropic (i.e., differ with direction) on a submicroscopic or crystalline scale are fairly isotropic for a large bulk volume of the rock.
A total bulk volume of almost 0.1 km3 of pyroclastic flow debris and airfall tephra was erupted (Hall et al. 2013).
The cumulative dense rock equivalent (DRE) of all M ≥ 4 recorded Quaternary eruptions is about 26,000 km3, corresponding to a total bulk volume of about 55,000 km3.
The term rock refers to the bulk volume of the material, including the grains or crystals as well as the contained void space.
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