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This condition is possible only if the concentration of the species at the surface starts to differ appreciably from the bulk value; i.e., (Ci i/(Ci o ≠ 1.
The obtained bandgap values are consistent with the bulk value of CZTS (1.45 1.90 eV) [38].
Firstly, the tapped density value is more reproducible than the bulk value.
For the layer thicknesses above 90 nm, the layer density achieves the bulk value.
However, the volume of nanowires is smaller compared to the bulk value.
This value is only 2.56 times higher than that of the bulk value (5.34 μohm cm).
The lattice parameter is gradually restored to the bulk value with increasing film thickness.
Both values are, however, somewhat lower than the bulk value (71.2 emu/g) [18, 19].
The measured g-factor is greatly enhanced over its bulk value (0.44).
The Tg decreased from its bulk value in both of these confined systems.
The vacancy concentration in metallic nanoparticles is predicted to be smaller than the bulk value.
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