Sentence examples for bulk vacancies from inspiring English sources

where c v is the size/shape-dependent vacancies concentration and c v,∞ is the bulk vacancies concentration.

The bulk vacancy formation energy is 0.95 eV [21].

Leshuk et al. proposed that high temperature hydrogenation could be counterproductive to improving the photocatalytic activity of TiO2 because of its propensity to form bulk vacancy defects [29].

To the best of our knowledge, only bulk vacancy formation energy is known [20 22] and there is not yet experimental data concerning the vacancy formation energy at the nanoscale.

The surface or bulk oxygen vacancies have a different function in the photo-reaction process.

The ferromagnetic ordering in these nanobelts was found to be mediated in the presence of bulk oxygen vacancies.

The co-existence of the surface and bulk oxygen vacancies exhibited a synergistic effect to improve the photoreduction efficiency of CO2 to CH4.

Through adjusting the ratio of the surface and bulk oxygen vacancies and analyzing the positron lifetime and relative intensity by positron annihilation, the photoreduction efficiency of CO2 improved with the increase of the ratio of surface oxygen vacancies to bulk SETOVs.

Therefore, the UHV annealing in vacuum should decrease the number of adsorbed oxygen species onto the surface and increase the number of bulk oxygen vacancies; these act as electron donors for ZnO NW arrays.

Bulk lithium vacancies are found to be available and mobile under battery charging conditions, and found to pin the Fermi level at the top of the anti bonding peroxide π* 2px) and π* 2py) levels in the Li2O2 valence band.

Ab initio density functional calculations in the beyond-LSD (Local Spin Density), LSD + U approximation have been performed to investigate the properties of bridging hydroxyls (OHb) at the rutile (1 1 0) and anatase (1 0 1) surfaces as well as of bulk oxygen vacancies (VOx) and Ti OH defects in the same two polymorphs.