Macroautophagy (hereafter autophagy) is a fundamental mechanism for bulk turnover of intracellular components in response to stresses such as starvation, oxidative stress and pathogen invasion (Mizushima and Levine, 2010; Yang and Klionsky, 2010).
Similar to the aforementioned unmodified peptides for H1.4, H3 and H4, we never observed forms of the H2A or H2B peptides to be modified and thus reasoned that they also represented bulk turnover of their respective protein.
FIH hydroxylates the HIF transcription factor for hypoxia sensing, and other members are involved in processes such as DNA and RNA repair and histone demethylation, placing some of these enzymes into biological roles that are more concerned with regulation than with bulk turnover of metabolites.
Consistent with these reports, our findings present a global picture of APP metabolism in the brain showing a rapid bulk-turnover of the holoprotein, both under normal expression levels in wild-type mice and with APP overexpression and plaque pathology in aged Tg2576 mice.
16 20 The elimination rate of fluorescein sodium essentially represents the bulk aqueous flow because the dye is hydrophilic; however, the turnover of a certain tear component may not parallel the bulk aqueous flow.
The bulk of the turnover of intracellular proteins in eukaryotic cells is carried out by two self-contained proteolytic systems, the lysosomes and proteasomes.
Although autophagy is a general term for turnover of bulk cytosolic components, different terms are used to describe the selectivity of the process depending on the organelle; the endoplasmic reticulum (ER; reticulophagy) [86,87], peroxisomes (pexophagy) [88], ribosomes (ribophagy) [89] and mitochondria (mitophagy) [90].
The company has an annual turnover of about half a billion Swedish kroners (€55 million).
The company has an annual turnover of about half a billion Swedish kroners (€55 million). .
The company has an annual turnover of about half a billion Swedish kroners ($88 million). .
