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However, in soil without background N fertilization (0 mg N kg−1), low N min levels (2.8 mg NO3 N kg−1 and 0.87 mg NH4 N kg−1) could be measured in the bulk soil with a low NH4 N share of 23.7%, suggesting diffusion of N from the depot into the bulk soil as NH4 + as well as NO3 − after nitrification.
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Radiocarbon data suggest this desorbed carbon is Δ14C-enriched compared to the bulk soil, with Δ14C values close to modern atmospheric Δ14CO2 at the soil surface, and aging with depth.
The number of DNA targets from three different groups, i.e. Holophagae (Acidobacteria group 8) and Luteolibacter/Prosthecobacter and unclassified Verrucomicrobiaceae subdivision 1, was determined in DNA extracts from different leek (Allium porrum) rhizosphere soil compartments and from bulk soil with the aim to determine the distribution of the three bacterial groups in the plant soil ecosystem.
In a rhizotron experiment we applied planar optodes (POS) to map potential depletion of O2 in rooted and bulk soil with and without S addition at high spatial resolution (∼100 μm).
The sum of sorption to the different fractions was, on average, above 78% greater than sorption to the bulk soils, with the greatest differences in the soils with relatively higher ratios of clay to soil organic carbon (RCO).
For the second feedback phase, 'own soil' and 'mixed soil' were homogenized with sterilized bulk soil at a ratio of 1 : 1 in order to keep pot volumes equal between the two feedback phases.
A wheat seedling rhizobox approach was used to differentiate between the rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere (bulk) soil amended with low and high rates of biochar (20 and 60 t ha−1 vs. control).
As expected, residual NO3 N in the bulk soil increased with increasing background N fertilization from 0 to 60 mg N kg−1, whereas residual NH4 N was low and similar across treatments (Fig. 3a).
Bulk soil λ is described with a simplified de Vries model that relates λ to θi.
Bacterial communities were investigated in both the rhizosphere and bulk soil using TRFLP coupled with a 454 new generation sequencing database to make tentative taxonomic assignments to TRFLP peaks that showed statistically significant change over time.
The abundance of halloysite was significantly correlated with bulk soil surface area and 14C content (a proxy for the mean age of SOC), implying enhanced stability of C in deep soils.
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