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Down in that size range, materials have unique size-dependent properties, different from the properties of the "bulk" material due to the so-called quantum effects, which are surface- rather than volume-driven phenomena.
Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer (EPDM) is increasingly used as a bulk material due to its characteristics, such as fabricability, low weight and low cost.
Material decomposition is of greater likelihood for nanoparticles than bulk material due to their enhanced surface area to volume ratio.
Nanostructured ceria is technologically significant with respect to the bulk material due to its valence/defect structure and surface to volume ratio.
Furthermore, it is well known that low-dimensional structures may have superior optical properties over bulk material due to the quantum confinement effect (see e.g. Ref. [7]).
The lattice constant a is 3.64 Å, which is slightly larger than that of bulk material due to the lack of interlayer interaction [25].
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At this scale, the physicochemical characteristics of materials are significantly different from those found in larger scales and bulk materials due to the quantum effects [1].
Semiconductor nanocrystals or quantum dots (QDs) possess different optical, chemical, and electrical properties from the bulk materials due to quantum confinement effects.
This peak is significantly wider than that of the bulk materials due to the small size of QDs with narrow size distribution.
Several researchers have demonstrated, through experiments and analysis, that the structure and properties of nanometre-scale materials can be quite different to those of bulk materials due to the effect of surfaces.
The absorption edge was obtained at shorter wavelengths compared to the absorption edge of the bulk materials due to the increase in band gap as a result of the quantum confinement effect as well as the discrete energy bands.
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