Sentence examples for bulk material at the from inspiring English sources

Smaller particles are generally more toxic than the corresponding bulk material at the same mass concentration20,21,22, and the mobility, biological fate and bioavailability depend on size, shape, charge and other nanoparticle properties23, 24.

The evaluated optimal material layer thickness by the proposed methodology is consistent with experimentally measured value, and hence confirms that the optimal layer thickness can be predicted exactly through the average temperature of bulk material at the initial 1st min during pre-heating stage.

The empirical facts about battery health is that the cells degrade because of complicated ageing mechanisms, such as phase transitions and structural changes of the bulk material at the cathode side, as well as formation and growth of the solid electrolyte interface (SEI) at the anode side [40].

However, using PCT, the external surface of individual fibers and available surface area of the bulk material at the micrometer scale could be obtained separately.

The triaxiality in the material between the tools was in general slightly positive on the surface and slightly negative in the bulk material at this state of the shearing.

Two limiting conditions were considered: the push mode, in which the vibrated wall section compresses the bulk material at plastic yield; and the pull mode, in which the wall releases stress upon the contained material and, with in the limit, exerts no hoop stress over the vibrated section of the hopper wall.

We detected the standard C14 hep Zr(Cr,Fe 2 precipitates (the stable second phase in Zircaloy-4) in the bulk material at a cumulative annealing parameter as low as 10-20 h, and we followed the kinetics of precipitation and growth as a function of the cumulative annealing parameter (CAP) in the range 10-22 (quench) to 10-16 h.

In addition, the diffusion coefficient of copper atoms in gold nanoparticles changes to 8.3×10-19 from 2.4×10-28 (m2 s-1) in the bulk material at 300 K (Mori et al., 1991).

For 100-nm film, we found that the thermal conductivity was as low as approximately 0.52 W/m · K, which was 1.7 to 11.5 order of magnitude lower than the thermal conductivity of bulk material at 300 K.

The inexpensive troilite FeS material is chosen as the candidate since previous reports have confirmed that a semiconductor metal transition easily occurs in FeS bulk material at ~400 K22,23,24.

Calcium copper titanate (CCTO) has the chemical formula of CaCu3Ti4O12, a novel electroceramic material with high dielectric permittivity, of approximately 100,000 for single crystal and 10,000 for bulk material at room temperature.