It is well known that in the Earth's magnetotail, the bulk plasma flow speed is highly variable, with brief periods of fast plasma flows ("bursty bulk flows" (BBFs)) providing much of the sunward transport of mass, energy, and magnetic flux (Angelopoulos et al. 1992; Baumjohann et al. 1990).
Energy conservation under the AIKEF code simulation was verified for freely streaming particles in a periodic simulation box (or domain) in three dimensions with a total length of 32 ion inertial lengths and the ion bulk flow at 8 Alfvén speeds (Müller et al. 2011).
Without these capillary channels, the flow of the electrolyte can become obstructed by the bulk liquid metal, hindering the flow speed of the liquid metal.
As a first approximation, one could expect v to be fairly constant (i.e. dependent on blood viscosity and temperature, but not on the speed of the bulk flow), suggesting an inverse-proportional relationship between τ c and Deff.
Relative importance of urban design parameters, including urban aspect ratio (height-to-width of H/W = 1/3 3/2), surface albedo (0.18 0.35), and wind direction (0°, 45° and 90°) and speed (2 and 3 ms−1 bulk flow) are investigated.
Propagation speeds of the flame structure with respect the bulk flow for individual triple flames have been well characterized in previous studies, and the local flame speed of interacting triple flames have been reported; however, characterization of the propagation speed for the overall flame structure of interacting triple flame speeds has not been reported.
The distribution is then integrated over spacecraft-frequency up to the Doppler limit kmaxVflow, where the flow speed Vflow is obtained by the measurement of the ion bulk flow using electrostatic analyzer CIS-HIA on board Cluster (Rème et al., 2001).
The mean ion bulk speed is 443 km/s, so the shift velocity obtained from the multi-point magnetometer data is smaller than the flow speed by about 10%.
A mass flow sensor for bulk flow measurements is designed.
