Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the visible and near-infrared bulk absorption coefficient, bulk scattering coefficient, and scattering anisotropy spectra for a diverse set of raw milk samples originating from individual cow milkings, representing the milk variability present on dairy farms.
Here, v, u, w, b, θ, and p are the specific volume, the longitudinal velocity, the transverse velocity, the transverse magnetic filed, the absolute temperature, and the pressure, respectively; λ, μ, ν, and κ are the bulk viscosity coefficient, the shear viscosity coefficient, the magnetic diffusivity, and the heat conductivity, respectively.
Soil aggregates are acquired using X-ray computed tomography and the size and spatial distribution of their pores are calculated using a morphological model; each pore is associated with a bulk diffusion coefficient and a Knudsen diffusion coefficient, with the latter calculated based on the pore size.
Finally, we also assume the bulk viscous coefficient μ is a positive constant and the shear viscous coefficient (nu=0).
This design resulted in the root mean squared error of prediction (RMSEP) of 1.411 cm−1 (R2 = 0.965) for the estimation of the bulk absorption coefficient values, and 0.382 cm−1 (R2 = 0.996) for the reduced scattering coefficient values.
Besides, the bulk reaction coefficient of free chlorine "k b" has been experimentally estimated to −0.2 dand1 and the wall coefficient "K w" is estimated to −1.0 due−1, due to the state of the contact surface between water and pipes (old iron).
The bulk absorption coefficient spectra were found to mainly contain information on the water, fat, and casein content, whereas the bulk scattering coefficient spectra were found to be primarily influenced by the quantity and the size of the fat globules.
The exact value of the bulk transfer coefficient (Hia) depends on the various components of the energy budget, but it usually falls between 10 and 30 watts per square metre kelvin.
Heat loss to the air above (also designated ϕ) occurs by a variety of processes, including radiation and convection, but it may be characterized approximately by a bulk transfer coefficient (Hia) times the difference between the surface temperature of the ice and the air temperature (Ts - Ta).
Kb = Bulk decay coefficient, day−1.
