Advertisers sometimes frown on bulk circulation, considering readers who get copies free of charge to be more ephemeral than those who buy a newspaper.
But the growth of free newspapers and the spread of newspaper content via digital media, where it is often available free, has blurred distinctions between fully paid and bulk circulation, said Vanessa Clifford, head of press at MindShare, a media buying agency in London.
Laminar shear stress in bulk circulation also activates platelets and leukocytes to different levels [11], [12].
The comparisons show that the Nusselt number value in the fully developed region is about 30% lower than the predictions by the forced flow correlation due to flow laminarization in the layer induced by co-current bulk natural circulation and free convection.
Yet, looking at the overall market, there are still more than 40,000 more bulk sales in circulation now than a year ago, showing that it is going to take some time before this channel is truly "cleansed".
The model takes into account, exponential dependence of the specific reaction rate on temperature, as well as reflects the influence of the real and bulk catalyst densities, circulation rate, equilibrium and fresh catalyst's activities, reactor pressure, feed rate and unit construction.
The title introduced 10,000 new bulks to its circulation in April, which helped keep its headline sales figure above 1m.
For years newspapers have been giving their paper editions away for free – on airlines and in other high-traffic locations – on the basis that these "bulks" will increase circulation figures and will in turn drive more advertising.
Then, over the next several days, it ran a series of articles exposing an apparent "dump-and-pump" scheme at the Post, a "frantic, desperate effort" to boost circulation through bulk sales.
The Independent, like most upmarket papers, already does targeted free distribution, giving away more than 40,000 copies or nearly a quarter of its UK circulation in "bulk sales" (a misnomer, since only nominal sums change hands) to, for example, well-heeled guests in upmarket hotels.
Separate stacks of grapes when buying in bulk to promote air circulation.
