Sentence examples for bulk charging from inspiring English sources

Reflex method has distinct advantages compared to other bulk charging methods.

This time lag makes it possible to separate surface and bulk charging disturbances during magnetic storms.

The key parameter controlling the interplay of surface and bulk charging phenomena is the overlap of the Debye lengths of ionomer and metal surfaces in relation to the width of the gap.

After the calculation, the bulk charge density of the oxygen vacancies is δ x  = 5.468 × 1017 cm − 3.

A central issue in understanding photo-redox catalysis is the facet-dependent charge movement behaviors that include bulk charge separation, surface charge transfer and interfacial charge migration.

In addition, the new method provides the bulk charge of the bed particles rather than a local measurement.

The multiple-superiorities achieved here (hollow/mesoporous/ultrathin/horn-like) allows g-C3N4 high surface area, drastically boosted bulk charge separation, carrier density and surface charge transfer efficiency.

While, the Co2+ doping inside Co BiVO4 cannot only tune the built in electric fields in Mo:BiVO4/Co BiVO4 homojunctions, but also be able to optimize the charge transport in Co BiVO4 layers to facilitate the bulk charge separation.

The enhanced photocurrent of FeOOH/H BiVO4 photoanode is ascribed to an improved bulk charge transport, as confirmed by impedance spectroscopy measurements and Mott-Schottky analysis.

Both sets of experiments are analyzed with a model including conductance relaxations due to electric field-dependent generation and removal of bulk charge-carrying defects.

Definitely, due to charge spreading at the vicinity of the interface, the polarization charges are distributed in a few atomic layers as thick as 1 nm [11, 12], called W pz. Hereafter; we assume that the polarization charges can be described by a bulk charge density ρ pz such as: rho_{text{pz}} = frac{P}{{W_{text{pz}} }}.