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Indeed, fatalities of the April 25 , 2015 M w 7.8 Gorkha earthquake indicated on average a reduction in building vulnerability in urban areas, while rural areas remained highly vulnerable.
Seismic risk assessment of reinforced concrete buildings needs consideration of seismic hazard, building vulnerability and consequence of failure.
The wind hazard and building vulnerability models are based on exposure of residential construction to cyclones in North Queensland, Australia.
This was not well identified in previous work which may have underestimated building vulnerability to ballistic hazards.
Assessment of a building vulnerability against progressive collapse using Nonlinear Dynamic (NLD) analysis has greater accuracy compared to other methods.
A feature of the building vulnerability model is that it includes the effect of enhanced post-19800) building standards in North Queensland.
An improved, quantitative understanding of building vulnerability to ballistic impacts is required for informing appropriate life safety actions and other risk reduction strategies.
To improve assessment of building vulnerability to ballistics, we use our experimental and field data to develop quantitative vulnerability models known as fragility functions.
This characterisation of the building vulnerability, in combination with the seismic hazard, allows more informed, risk-based decisions to be made using performance metrics such as expected annual loss (EAL).
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Although high social vulnerability areas overlap in many cases with high building-vulnerability areas, there are some cases (like in the center of Bucharest) where the mixture is greater.
Therefore, we decided to test the influence of assumptions made in the weighting process (Table 3) and input data values (Table 1) on the specific outcomes and included uncertainty and sensitivity analyses of the building-vulnerability model results, as further analysed in Sect. 4.
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