Many civil infrastructure systems (CISs) are large building-lifeline interrelated systems that include various kinds of buildings and lifeline segments and can be modeled as a network of interconnected nodes and links.
Of particular interest to geotechnical engineers is the phenomenon of soil liquefaction that caused significant damage to buildings, lifelines and harbor facilities.
Understanding earthquake fault rupture propagation is important in building and lifeline engineering, especially in the construction of mountain tunnels.
Hancilar (2012) identified the elements at risk for a credible tsunami event for Istanbul by utilizing inundation maps resulting from probabilistic tsunami hazard analysis for a 10%% probability of exceedance in 50 years in combination with the geo-coded inventories of building stock, lifeline systems, and demographic data.
Finally, the structural behavior of buildings and lifeline systems in this region is studied and damages are outlined.
It is also important to keep ash out of buildings, machinery and lifeline networks (in particular water and wastewater systems,) to prevent some of the damage caused by ash particles.
With these data available, the estimation of damage is performed on each of the public and private buildings and water lifelines of the city.
Strong earthquake events often result in liquefaction-induced ground movements such as settlements and lateral spreads that are a major cause of damage to buildings, bridges, and lifelines.
During this process a probabilistic estimation of damages, losses, and casualties is created by having a predefined exposure database (for the public and private buildings and water lifelines of Manizales) and their associated vulnerability models.
"This is the gold beneath the streets, the lifeline for an obsolete industrial building.
But on the following day, 13 September, the members were called to an emergency meeting to back an emergency lifeline for the troubled former building society.
